A Grief Observed, by C.S. Lewis

“A Grief Observed”, by C.S. Lewis, was published in 1961 under the pseudonym N.W. Clerk, twenty years after his book, “The Problem of Pain.”

Lewis’s wife died at age 45, in 1960 from cancer, only four years after their marriage, leaving him to wonder if it was even possible to return to normality after his loss. Lewis died at age 63, only 3 years after Joy’s death. He expressed the anger and bewilderment that he felt towards God as he moved in and out of different stages of grief, saying at one point, “No one ever told me that grief felt so much like fear.”

“The Problem of Pain” discussed why mankind suffers pain, but the reality of that pain is what “A Grief Observed” is about. Lewis struggles to accept his own prior theories and even his Christian faith throughout the book, but we see a gradual reacceptance of his theories and the reacceptance of the necessity of suffering.

Looking for answers, Lewis said that God is like a surgeon or dentist using pain to awaken his creation to dependence on Him. He adds that labeling pain and suffering as a gift is something that we believe if we accept that God is orchestrating our life for a higher good.

Lewis finally reconciles himself as he looked to “The Son of God who suffered unto death, not that men might not suffer, but that their sufferings might be like His.” It’s not easy to swallow but suffering, then, is a shared experience with God himself, through Jesus. Depending on your view of the crucifixion, Jesus suffered to pay the penalty and open the doors of heaven to us.” Perhaps our suffering ushers forward the same sort of consciousness. That’s what Lewis seems to be saying.

More about C.S. Lewis See Literary Favorite Section (click here)

Quotes from "A Grief Observed" by C.S. Lewis

“Her absence is like the sky, spread over everything.” 

“It doesn't really matter whether you grip the arms of the dentist's chair or let your hands lie in your lap. The drill drills on." 

“Knock and it shall be opened.' But does knocking mean hammering and kicking the door like a maniac?”

“My idea of God is not a divine idea. It has to be shattered time after time. He shatters it Himself.” 

The Widow, A Novel, By Fiona Barton

Fiona Barton’s new book, “The Widow”, starts with Jean Taylor, the wife of the accused, narrating, as she does through much of the novel. The point of view switches between chapters with the point of view switching from the Widow, Reporter, and the Detective. It has been 4 years since little Bella Elliot went missing, while her mother Dawn left her unattended in the front yard. Glen Taylor became the prime suspect for the disappearance: he was charged with the crime, acquitted, and then he was killed stepping in front of a bus. All of these facts we learn in the first three pages of the book from Jean Taylor, who adds, “I was glad he was gone. No more of his nonsense."

Glen was not a nice person and was manipulative, controlling, secretive and emotionally abusive. Bob, the detective, is a hard-working, caring, honest man, who has found good reasons to suspect Glen of taking the little girl from her yard. 

Kate is the only reporter, of the many who try, to break though to gain access to Jean Taylor. Kat really doesn’t know if, with that access, that she has learned anything or has just been played by Jean. 

When Glen is killed the reporter and detective, both believing they have a relationship of trust with Jean, try to get her help, still hoping to learn what happened to Bella. 

Jean does let Kate back into her life and says of that time: “Kate seems to be in charge of things. It's quite nice to have someone in charge of me again. I was beginning to think I'd have to cope with everything on my own."

What makes this an emotionally powerful novel is that none of the characters emerge at the ending in quite the same state as we perceived them in the beginning. They change and our feelings for them change.

Some critics suggest that Barton reveals too much, too soon, but the approach seems to be part of her process of building on what, in the beginning, were lies the characters were telling themselves. That approach does result in our being part of the change in seeing the characters differently: which was really a strength of the book.

Quotes about "The Widow" by Fiona Barton

“I remember looking at him lying there in a small pool of blood and thinking ‘oh well, that’s the end of his nonsense” 

“The simple lies are the hardest, funnily enough. The big ones seem to just fall off the tongue:” 

“It's a strange feeling, owning a secret. It's like a stone in my stomach, crushing my insides and making me feel sick every time I think of it.” 

The Western Canon, by Harold Bloom

"The Western Canon's" focus on the writers representing collectively the important writers since the time of the Greeks but it is also a backdrop for the despair Harold Bloom feels for all those that have diminished literature with their own social agenda, including feminists, multiculturalists, and Marxists all of whom he refers to as the School of Resentment.  

The book presented as "An Elegy for the Canon" presents the state of literary studies today that, from Bloom’s point of view, is best represented by 26 writers, from among several hundred that he also lists in the back of he book, that he lists as canonical or more specifically, important. Bloom regards the 26 not only as great artists, but as the chief representatives of their literary cultures and collectively they are "Western Canon". We will all likely find some names of authors we like that are not among the 26 or even on the big list. Bloom says some authors are left off because their work does not represent aesthetic accomplishment. *** 

(see poetry reviewed section for Blooms thoughts and Oscar Wilde's quote “All bad poetry springs from genuine feeling". To be natural is to be obvious, and to be obvious is to be inartistic and why some are not on these lists)

Harold Bloom’s thoughts, and his personal template approach, used to look at the great writers, presents an interesting profile that is addictive.  

All this said it is still his own bias for Shakespeare, in spite of the other 26 writers in this book,  that is made clear.  In the preface of the book he says there "is no cognitive originality in the whole history of philosophy comparable to Shakespeare's.” Many feel he has gone to far with this Shakespeare obsession. and this book confirms that.

Published in 1994, Harold Bloom’s “The Western Canon” could barely suppress its nostalgia for a time past, when the English department was the crown jewel in the humanities, and the literary critic with his refined sensibilities was vitality important as the intellectual with the answers.

Some may think, Bloom himself included, that it is Bloom who now defines the "Western Canon."

See Literary Favorites Section and Post on Harold Bloom for more thoughts about this author. (Click Here)

 Harold Bloom, The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages

“Real reading is a lonely activity.”

“All writers are to some extent inventors, describing people as they would like to see them in life.” 

“Originality must compound with inheritance.” 

“At our present bad moment, we need above all to recover our sense of literary individuality and of poetic autonomy.” 

The Problem o Pain, by C.S. Lewis

C.S. Lewis wrote “The Problem of Pain” as an attempt to explain why God would allow evil to exist. He asked how God, who was good, would allow his creations to not be happy. The idea of human pain, even animal pain, and of hell, were things he said bring unhappiness and his focus suggests that they are also evil.  The books goals are to reconcile a just, loving, and all-powerful God, with these human conditions.

Lewis’s own experiences, with the loss of his mother at a young age to the death of his wife Joy, were painful events that represented pain. His answer for why that pain came was the need for him to learn to have faith in God as the only way to pull himself out of the pain.

Lewis said that Christianity creates the problem of pain because it provides hope and that without hope the painful world would make sense.  He said, “If I knew any way of escape I would crawl through sewers to find it,” adding “I am not arguing that pain is not painful. Pain hurts. That is what the word means. I am only trying to show that the old Christian doctrine of being made “perfect through suffering” is not incredible. To prove it palatable is beyond my design.”

An explanation for this dilemma, Lewis says, is that we don’t understand our needs in the same way God does:  "if God is wiser than we, His judgments must differ from ours on many things, and not least on good and evil. What seems to us good may therefore not be good in His eyes, and what seems to us evil may not be evil.”

The book seems to confuse pain and evil mostly implying that they both come from the same source and are bad. Saying pain can lead to personal growth and build faith still leaves leaves pain and evil partners rather than occurring for different reasons. Lewis’s discussion of the Fall of Man, original sin, and pain also leaves some confusion as to what evil really is. 

The Literary Influence of C.S. Lewis/ see literary favorites section click here.

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The Problem of Pain Quotes by C.S. Lewis

“A man can no more diminish God's glory by refusing to worship Him than a lunatic can put out the sun by scribbling the word 'darkness' on the walls of his cell.”

 “For you will certainly carry out God's purpose, however you act, but it makes a difference to you whether you serve like Judas or like John"

“Love may forgive all infirmities and love still in spite of them: but Love cannot cease to will their removal.” 

“It is safe to tell the pure in heart that they shall see God, for only the pure in heart want to.” 

Smoke From This Altar, Poems By Louis L'Amour

Louis L'Amour's wife, Kathy, wrote an introduction for this book which was, in 1939, his first published book, and it contains many of what L'Amour considered to be his best poems.

She said of that time, that "poetry was the expression of Louis' most important thoughts and feelings. It was the first manner in which he wrote about his life, his views, and the places he had seen."

His poetry received high praise. A poem he had published in the Daily Oklahoma, "Banked Fires", was commented on by the editor who sent him a letter saying "the poem is exquisite........The craftsmanship shows the master workman...........The imagery is all one could ask." 

The poems found in "Smoke From This Altar" are reflective of a master craftsman. You will find poetry that takes you to and resonates with his writings of the American Frontier, and the stories he is so well known for. 

The Literary Favorites sections has a post on Louis L'Amour the author, and the Poetry Reviewed section has a post on the poem "I am a Stranger Here". 

L'Amour's books are beloved and are favorites of many, many, people. Even if you don't like poetry this book, "Smoke From This Alter", is something L'Amour fans will like and then see him as a person, more clearly.   

Louis L'Amour's Poem: "Life"

I dream , and my dreams are all broken;I love and my loving is in vain...I speak, and the words are all spoken,I look and see nothing but pain."

Girl Last Seen, by Nina Laurin

Nina Laurin’s first novel begins with Ella Santos looking back 10 years after escaping from her kidnapper who held her prisoner for three years, now convinced that her kidnapper has taken another young girl.

Ella was ten years old, living with a single drug addicted mom, when she was abducted and taken to her basement prison, with no windows, where she spent the next three years being raped and tied up. She got pregnant when she was 13 and about that time she got free. She ran from her prison, in the rain, barefoot in the gravel, along a road, and was noticed and found by a police officer who took her to a hospital. Her mother authorized the hospital to give the baby up for adoption and she was never allowed to see her little girl.

Ella spent the next ten years in a daze, convinced she was worthless, eventually changing her name to Laine Moreno, trying to put everything behind her. She watched every report she could find of young girls who were abducted, looking at pictures in the newspapers for years, expecting to find someone like she had been, who had been taken, thinking that it may help her someday find her captor.

10-year-old Olivia Shaw is kidnapped, and it is highly publicized on TV and the newspapers. Laine feels drawn to the story, shaken with the picture of Oliva, who comes from a privileged neighborhood, very different from Laine's own background.

At the same time Detective Sean Ortiz is also drawn to the story. He is the policeman who first found Laine at 13.  Olivia’s family is working with Detective Ortiz. When he learns that she was taken from school Ortiz allows Laine to go with him to meet Oliva’s parents and go to the school. Olivia’s mother seems to reach out to Laine not concerned if she is the guilty one but recognizing her pain over her own similar event.

Laine’s emotional roller coaster and lack of trust leads her to breaking off on her own and before long she seems to be one step ahead of Ortiz.

Some critics have suggested that Lanie’s dialog regarding her emotional scars and problems overshadow some needed plot connections in this first effort novel. I felt that it wasn’t a distraction and the plot held my interest all the way through.

Nina Laurin is a bilingual (English/French) author of suspenseful stories for both adults and young adults. She got her BA in Creative Writing at Concordia University, in her hometown of Montreal, Canada. 

The Empty Land, A Novel, by Louis L'Amour

A trapper found a chunk of gold, and in six days Confusion, a new gold-mining boom town near todays Ely, Nevada, appeared where there had been nothing for thousands of years. New discoveries always attracted honest men who came to work the mines, but along with them came thieves, gamblers and outlaws. In just a few days several thousand men and some women came.

Dick Felton was committed to digging his fortune out of a muddy hillside but the town itself was his biggest challenge. Matt Coburn found himself in the new town and his reputation for being a hardened realist and a man that had cleaned up tough towns before had followed him.  The town lacked law and order and the mines themselves became the target of a violent plot. Matt Coburn wanted no part of Confusion because too many of his enemies knew he was there, but he found himself with only one way out with honor, but it could cost him his life.

On one side are those who understand only brute force. On the other are men who want law and order but are ready to use a noose to achieve their ends.  Matt Coburn and Dick Felton are the only thing separating these two sides, outnumbered and outgunned, they can’t afford to be outmaneuvered. For as the two unlikely allies confront corruption, betrayal, and murder to tame a town where the discovery of gold can mean either the fortune of a lifetime or a sentence of death, they realize that any move could be their last.

See the Literary Favorites Section for Louis L'Amour for more about this authors impact / Click Here. 

Quotes by Louis L'Amour

“If you’re going to have peace rather than violence, both sides have got to want it. One side alone can’t make peace.”

Education of a Wandering Man, by Louis L'Amour

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Louis Dearborn LaMoore was a high school dropout who by the time he died in 1988 he had sold 200,000,000 of his books. He had written primarily  Western novels (He preferred to call them "frontier stories")

L'Amour's success needs to be considered even before we look at "The Education of a Wandering Man, A Memoir by Louis L'Amour because, as an author, his success shouts loudly for some critics who label this book as less polished.

Many (myself included) didn't know L'Amour for anything except what seemed like a successful Western writer of historical fiction, before this book came out in 1989.

This book is a surprise giving us an overview of L'Amour's experiences in the western U.S. and Far East as seaman, ranch hand, mine guard and hobo. It shows that a person’s real life history is hard to beat for a good book.

The story starts with L'Amour dropping out of school at age 15 and becoming a wandering young man. He first became a hobo on the Southern Pacific Railroad, then a Cattle Skinner in Texas. He even became a world traveler, merchant seaman, based in Singapore. He made a living anyway he could. He worked as a hired hand, cowboy, and even as a prize fighter. He traveled the rails, lived in hobo camps, and learned while listening to men around the fires in the evening teaching him to be a natural storyteller.

When you read a story like this you don’t expect to have so many of the old classic’s discussed. During these years of traveling, Louis read everything he could find, educating himself. He learned from the masters in those books about the questions that have been discussed over centuries. His love affair with the books was real.

He always carried books with him in his travels. He would work a little and then always buy a book or two, if he could. What he bought was a regular part of the story along with what he was reading.  

One summer he spent three months alone in the mountains, living in an old shack, while taking care of cattle.  The shack had been used in prior years by those doing the same summer job and he found a sack of old books under some wood.  He wrote about his adventures during that time, and about the books he had found an read. The books were classic’s. Today they would also be called part of the "Great Books". They consisted of Aristotle, Plato, Nietzsche and others.

His story is a good lesson on being a reader first, and then a writer. L’Amour was a reader. He had an appetite for reading that seemed to never be satisfied.

He served in World War II and after the war started writing novels. One of his first was the novel "Hondo". It became a movie and John Wayne was the star and like other famous writers the movie let a lot of people know who he was.

The book shows where the passion for reading can lead and demonstrates how it serves those who are self-educated. They become someone different though their reading. They re-invent themselves. A great book to read even if you already like Louis L'Amour as a writer.

See Poetry Section for Poem, "I'm a Strange Here" by Louis L'Amour click here

Quotes by Louis L'Lamour

“Start writing, no matter what. The water does not flow until the faucet is turned on.” 

“Once you have read a book you care about, some part of it is always with you.” 

“There will come a time when you believe everything is finished; that will be the beginning. ” 

“For one who reads, there is no limit to the number of lives that may be lived, for fiction, biography, and history offer an inexhaustible number of lives in many parts of the world, in all periods of time.” 

“The trail is the thing, not the end of the trail. Travel too fast,
and you miss all you are traveling for.” 

“Few of us ever live in the present. We are forever anticipating what is to come or remembering what has gone.”

The Widow's House by Carol Goodman

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Clare and Jess grew up in a small collage town in the Hudson River Valley and met in a special, selection only, high school writing class taught by Alden Montague. He was an experienced well known writer and he took a strong interest in Clare.

This is really Clare’s story, she is the narrator, as she tells us about her life story.  Both Clare and Jess are writers, and Jess had his first novel published when they first got married. Both broke up previous relationships to be with each other. Clare had gotten pregnant but loses the baby and then they got married, went on to finish collage, and later moved to New York.

Clare is the more talented writer but works as a copy editor to pay the bills. Jess spends full time writing his second novel but seems to have writers block, their money is running out and their marriage is not happy. Jess thinks they should sell everything, pay off their bills, and move back to the Hudson River Valley where he feels they both can do better writing.

Jess finds Katrine, a realtor, who turns out to be his old girlfriend from school, and she takes them to see Alden Montague, where he offers them the position of caretakers, rent free, at his Hudson River Valley estate, Riven House.

Montague remembers Clare as his most promising student and, still fond of her, he becomes a resource to her as she starts to try to learn more about her past and begin her own book.

Clare was adopted and grew up not far from Riven House. She wants to know who her parents were and when Katrine  tells her that many of the records from the past are now open she starts researching local records.

Montague’s family has lived in their big estate home for generations and, with Clare and Jess living on the estate, Clare starts to write about the history of the house.

The house is badly broken down with many empty rooms some where the lights don't work. The architecture is unique with the house built around an octagon center, surrounded by marsh fields and a large pond, both of which often are covered with fog. Riven House has a dark and troubled past with a reputation of being haunted and Clare has several encounters with ghosts.

With the story of Riven House unfolding, and Montague’s story of how his great-grandfather broke the heart of the local Apple Blossom Queen, Clare begins to research the legend, discovering parallels to her own life that include secret loves, illegitimate births, lost children, and mothers driven mad.

The strength of this novel is that you really see things the way Clare does but then Clare misses the real story until near then end, just as we do. She is not sure if the ghosts are real until the end and again we are not sure either. The details of Alden Montague’s parents, their parents, and the estate itself, turn out to be very important for Clare.

This is a suspenseful story that you won't want to put down. 

The Art of Memoir, by Mary Karr

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Stephen King's book, "A Memoir Of The Craft, On Writing" is a must have book for writers. The first paragraph of his book says: "I was stunned by Mary Karr's memoir, "The Liars' Club. Not just by its ferocity, but its beauty, and by her delightful grasp of the vernacular, but by it totality- she is a women who remembers everything about her early years.".....

Wow, that is high praise indeed.

The Wall Street Journal said of "The Art of Memoir" that it is a book that should be “required reading for anyone attempting to write a memoir or who lives for literature”. Mary Karr can teach you about memoir but she becomes a little intimidating with her credentials. She is an English professor at Syracuse University, a successful non fiction writer, and you can tell she really knows her stuff.   

Karr is passionate about her belief in the memoir approach and important literary style. She says “There is a lingering snobbery in the literary world that wants to disqualify what is broadly called nonfiction from the category of literature”. 

As expected in a book like this she covers the basics especially focusing on importance of truth and the road to exaggeration and why memoirs fail. 

Chapter 23, "Michael Herr: Start in Kansas, End in Oz", stood out. Herr was an American writer and war correspondent, known as the author of Dispatches, a memoir of his time as a correspondent for Esquire magazine during the Vietnam War.  

Michael Kerr "Voice" in his on-war memoir “Dispatches” is much the same as his narration of “Apocalypse Now”. They both demonstrate that where you start and end is so important. Mary Karr uses this narrative and chapter to show the value of strong opening dialog.

Karr's discussion of this dialog, one sentence at a time, was a learning experience: “There was a map of Vietnam on the wall of my apartment in Saigon and some nights, I’d lie on my bed and look at it.....................”

"The Art of Memoir" will be an important book on both reading and writing in the years ahead. 

As I lay Dying by William Faulkner

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As I Lay Dying is a novel that focuses on the death and burial of Addie Bundren, and how her husband Anse Bundren and their five children, deal with the death, and with each other.  Addie lays sick and asks for a coffin to be made, and for a promise to bury her in a cemetery 30 mile away.  Her husband Anse is lazy and selfish and doesn’t help but her son Cash spends days working on the coffin. Just outside Addie’s window he pounds and saws for all to hear, including Addie.  

Addie dies and they load the coffin onto a wagon and prepare for a trip that will take days to accomplish.

Jewel, the most loved of the children has many issues and violence is one of them, but he is also the one  that seems to be able to express feelings of loss and his own pain at Addie’s passing. 

The two key characters in the story seem to be Jewel and Darl. Unlike Jewel, Darl was the least loved child and was the emotional opposite of Jewel. Darl thinks he is very smart, but he is not, and he even has a hard time just communicating.  The others say he has his own “specialness” (not a good thing) which means his logic is as awkward as his language.  At one point he asks, after his mother has died, “how a mother that was, can not be a mother that is, and therefore, Addie Bundren is not really his mother.” Vardaman jumps on this logic telling Darl his mother was a horse, but Darl replies that Varaman’s mother is a fish.  

(Why a fish? A short explanation of why in Daily Comment Section. Click on this to go to that section)

The dialog that follows between them is just more of a string of consciousness found throughout the novel. “Then where is your ma, Darl?” Vardaman said. “I haven’t got ere one,” Darl said. “Because if I had one, it is was. And if it is was, it can’t be is. Can it?”

The story is deep with double meanings and symbolism. One example is that Jewel, the favorite, was left alone to carry the weight of the coffin. As the wagon crosses a river on the trip to the cemetery the coffin slips off and floats down the river.  It is caught up with and hauled back to the wagon. Vardaman after a time starts to believe his mother is a fish and bores two holes into Cash’s perfect coffin to double check, in the process he bores into her face, much like a hook catches a fish. Jewel and Vardaman seem to be the only ones who have any grief over their mother’s death.

The novel takes a unique view of how this family views death. It is a little hard to follow the dialog, but the language comes off the page with the general character and attitude of Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha County, a place based on his own Mississippi habitat. The story is not a dark comedy, as some may say, it is a transition into another world that is marked by the tone of the language, that is much like music. The rawness of the culture and the people pull you in, and Faulkner largely through the language makes you feel the story.

A unique and interesting family so well presented in detail that you marvel at their existence as a family unit. It isn’t the plot, it is characters that have made Addie’s death into a fascinating story.

An Interesting Writing Approach

The use of language of course but also throughout the novel, Faulkner presents 15 different points of view, each chapter narrated by one character, including Addie, who expresses her thoughts after she has already died. In 59 chapters titled only by their narrators' names, the characters are developed gradually through each other's perceptions and opinions, with Darl's predominating.

William Faulkner Quotes As I Lay Dying

“It takes two people to make you, and one people to die. That's how the world is going to end.”

 “...the reason for living was to get ready to stay dead a long time.”

 “People to whom sin is just a matter of words, to them salvation is just words too.”

 “Memory believes before knowing remembers.” 

“I could just remember how my father used to say that the reason for living was to get ready to stay dead a long time.” 

When Breath Becomes air, by Paul Kalanithi

Dr. Lucy Kalanithi and Dr. Paul Kalanithi with their daughter, Elizabeth Acadia. Courtesy of Lucy Kalanithi

Bill Gates said "This Book Left Me in Tears" but then he included it on his recommended list. 

The book is about Paul Kalanithi, who received a masters degree in literature and was planning on a PhD at Stanford, and his obsession with the question of "what makes life worth living in the face of death?

Paul's father had been a doctor but he started out getting his degree in literature but he set aside his initial plans to write and went on to medical school. He wanted to know “where did biology, morality, literature and philosophy intersect?” He wanted to have relationships with the suffering, and felt that he could learn more about what makes human life meaningful as a doctor. 

When Paul was diagnosed with terminal cancer in 2013, he was a 36-year-old on the verge of making big contributions to the world with his mind and hands. He was a gifted doctor—a chief resident in neurosurgery at Stanford just months away from completing the most grueling training of any clinical field. He was also a brilliant scientist. His postdoctoral research on gene therapy won him his field’s highest research award. He could have written a good book on any subject he chose.

As he was ending his residency he learned that he had stage 4 cancer and that he might have 5 to 10 years to live. He could return to neurosurgery or he could write? He did both. He and his wife, Lucy, then chose to have a baby that came eight months before he died, which was less than two years after the original diagnosis. On July 4, 2014, Elizabeth Acadia “Cady” is born and Paul is filled with joy, even in his darkest hour. (see quote below *1)

He said of his pending death and the time he had left that is was unsettling (a big understatement), but he added; “Yet there is no other way to live.” 

Both this book and "The Heart" (see review) are about death. This one is nonfiction, the other is a novel and both are very well written and have the potential to change your thinking.

The beauty and wonder of the body is really revealed in these writings. Paul wanted to find what makes human life meaningful and I think the answer is in both of these books. 

Quotes

*1  “Will having a newborn distract from the time we have together?" she asked. "Don't you think saying goodbye to your child will make your death more painful?"
"Wouldn't it be great if it did?" I said. Lucy and I both felt that life wasn't about avoiding suffering.”

 “Human knowledge is never contained in one person. It grows from the relationships we create between each other and the world, and still it is never complete.” 

“Life wasn’t about avoiding suffering.

The Hidden Life of Trees, What They Feel, How They Communicate: by Peter Wohlleben

“The Hidden Life of Trees, What They Feel, How They Communicate”, by Peter Wohlleben, explains why forests matter on a global scale and we learn that “that when trees unite to create a fully functioning forest that the whole is greater than its parts.”

Sociability, especially between trees of the same species, leads to the sharing of food through interconnected root systems to create an ecosystem that allows protection from the elements. A tree is only as strong as the other trees around it, and the creation of a forest allows longer lives for many of the trees. The common root system allows weak and sick trees to be nourished by the stronger ones, and sometimes it is extended to even trees of other species, often just considered competitors. 

Trees of the same species grow together best, side by side, achieving the same height. Like good friends they don’t crowd each other but grow their branches out to the tips of the neighboring tree. The trees have their most sturdy branches facing those “non-friends” of other species. The canopy created moderates heat and cold and forms a protected environment where ever tree is important to the community of trees.

Wohlleben explains that trees communicate with electrical impulses much like humans. When we feel pain in part of our body the electrical impulse travels through the nerves and we instantly feel the pain. With trees the electrical impulses travel at 1/3 of an inch per hour and it can take a hour for the impulse to inform the tree of a problem which might be considered pain. Electrical impulses travel through the root systems to inform of issues with neighbors, sometimes even to and from other species.

An example of this was found by scientists studying giraffes who were feeding on umbrella thorn acacias. It was clear that the trees didn’t like this at all. It took a few minutes but when this happened the trees started pumping toxic substances into their leaves and of course the giraffes got the message and left. What was amazing is that the trees notified their neighbors of the problem by giving off an ethylene gas as a warning that to neighboring trees of the same species and they then started pumping toxins. The giraffes moved away but had to go at least 100 feet away to begin eating again. The smarter giraffes moved upwind. 

Beeches, spruce, and oaks were studied Wohlleben and he wrote that when a creature starts nibbling on them they feel pain. When a caterpillar takes a bite out of a leaf, the tissue around the site changes and the leaf tissue sends out electrical signals, just as human tissue does when it is hurt. However, the signal is not transmitted in milliseconds, as human signals are; instead, the plant signal travels at the slow speed of a third of an inch per minute. Accordingly, it takes an hour or so before defensive compounds reach the leaves to spoil the pest’s meal. 

Wohlleben shows the complex ways that trees interact with their environment with a story learned with the re-introduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park.

It all starts with the wolves. Wolves disappeared from Yellowstone, the world’s first national park, in the 1920s. When they left, the entire ecosystem changed. Elk herds in the park increased their numbers and began to make quite a meal of the aspens, willows, and cottonwoods that lined the streams. Vegetation declined and animals that depended on the trees left. The wolves were absent for seventy years. When they returned, the elks’ languorous browsing days were over. As the wolf packs kept the herds on the move, browsing diminished, and the trees sprang back. The roots of cottonwoods and willows once again stabilized stream banks and slowed the flow of water. This, in turn, created space for animals such as beavers to return. These industrious builders could now find the materials they needed to construct their lodges and raise their families. The animals that depended on the riparian meadows came back, as well. The wolves turned out to be better stewards of the land than people, creating conditions that allowed the trees to grow and exert their influence on the landscape.

Peter Wohlleben’s book is ground-breaking in what he has discovered. “He describes the peculiar traits of these gentle, sessile creatures-the braiding of roots, shyness of crowns, wrinkling of tree skin, convergence of stem-rivers-in a manner that elicits and aha! Moment with each chapter.

see American Wolf by Nate Blakeslee for more on the introduction of the Wolf into Yellowstone Park.

Quotes

“This is because a tree can be only as strong as the forest that surrounds it.” 

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The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate_Discoveries from A Secret World

By Peter Wohlleben

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"There are more life forms in a handful of forest soil than there are people on the planet.” 
―

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake

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William Blake was born in 1757 in London. He was a non-conformist who wrote his own style of poetry to put forth his opinions. He told his parents how he seen visions and angels, and that seemed to lead to them to shipping him off to school. The money eventually ran out and he had to get a job.

The Swedish philosopher and theologian, Emmanuel Swedenborg had written a book called “Heaven and Hell”, in which he laid out in painstaking detail what the afterlife looked like. His conclusion was that good people were up in Heaven; bad people were down in Hell

Blake took some issue with the book’s success, added some religion to his own philosophy, and his book was put together; “The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” was written in response and it contained a guided tour of Hell that Blake used to correct Swedenborg’s notions. This approach wasn’t unique; both Dante and Milton wrote of their own stories of visits to Hell.

“The Marriage of Heaven and Hell” imitate the Bible in writing style likely done to add credibility, as Blake put forth his own mystical cosmic conception of good and evil. He describes his view that both the material world and physical desire are part of the divine order. Blake believed that each person had a nature that was contrary to the nature of God and that the purpose of life was to reconcile those differences.

The first two sections in the book are The Argument and The Voice of the Devil. In these sections, Blake tells us that good and evil, and even good and evil people, aren't what we think they are but are different kinds of energies, or contraries; both are needed to keep the world going. People are devils or angels, but both are necessary in life

Blake explained: “Without Contraries there is no progression and that attraction and repulsion, reason and energy, love and hate are examples of contraries that are necessary to Human existence. He said that from these contraries spring what the religious call Good & Evil. Good is Heaven. Evil is Hell.

It is a very short book and way to short to look deeply into a complicated subject.

See Poem about Blake's Thoughts of Heaven & Hell                           and Comments click here

Quotes

“If the doors of perception were cleansed every thing would appear to man as it is, Infinite. For man has closed himself up, till he sees all things thro' narrow chinks of his cavern" 

“Those who restrain desire do so because theirs is weak enough to be restrained.” 

"The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom.” 

“You never know what is enough unless you know what is more than enough

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The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (Oxford Paperbacks)

By William Blake

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Till We Have Faces, A Myth Retold, by C.S. Lewis

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Till We Have Faces: A Myth Retold was C.S. Lewis’s last novel and he used it to question about God’s illogical behavior, a subject he had struggled with all his life. The story is about Cupid and Psyche from the Roman novel, “The Golden Ass of Apuleius”. Psyche is beautiful and loved by Cupid. Orual is unattractive, bitter, critical of the gods, and the story sets her on the path of moral development.

The story is set in the fictional city of Glome and the occasional contact the citizens have with civilized Hellenistic Greece. Pagan myths are part of the plot, but introspection into personal failings and shortcomings lead to accepting that caring gods are present in human lives, but it doesn’t resolve the concern that God is impossible to understand. A partial answer comes with this comment: “Prayer doesn’t change God, but it changes me.” 

Orual examines her life, to give a just account of cruelties and injustices she has faced and believes she has suffered at the hands of the gods, but with that examination Orual begins to change. She sees her own love for her sister for the first time as the selfishness it really was; she sees in what she thought was only deprivation and pain to also be both the mercy and the justice of the gods.

Orual struggled with the question of “why”? “Why do the gods’ actions in men’s lives seem so incomprehensible and unjust. If the gods are real and good, why don’t they tell us so plainly, and just speak to us? Why can’t they simply reveal things to us, face to face, without leaving us having to depend on faith to believe, rather than to be able to simply see?” 

Lewis also uses the story to show that pride, doubt, anger against God, suffering, and selfishness all lead to lives where we make choices, and that those choices have everything to do with who we become in our lives, through our choices?

The conclusion is that to see the face of God, we must be free of duplicities, freed of our pride, freed of the gnawing flaws and poisonous self-centeredness that prevent us from seeing ourselves as we truly are. In the end, “Till We Have Faces” reveals the real challenge of the Beatitudes: “We must be pure of heart before we can see God.” Until we are pure in heart, and have learned from our choices, we won’t have faces that reflect who we really are.

Quotes

“I was with book, as a woman is with child.” 

“It was when I was happiest that I longed most...The sweetest thing in all my life has been the longing...to find the place where all the beauty came from.” 

“When the time comes to you at which you will be forced at last to utter the speech which has lain at the center of your soul for years, which you have, all that time, idiot-like, been saying over and over, you'll not talk about the joy of words. I saw well why the gods do not speak to us openly, nor let us answer. Till that word can be dug out of us, why should they hear the babble that we think we mean? How can they meet us face to face till we have faces?” 

“Death opens a door out of a little, dark room (that's all the life we have known before it) into a great, real place where the true sun shines and we shall meet.” 

“Holy places are dark places. It is life and strength, not knowledge and words, that we get in them. Holy wisdom is not clear and thin like water, but thick and dark like blood.” 

“Are the gods not just? Oh no, child. What would become of us if they were?”